Document Type : Review Paper

Authors

• Azizbek Rakhmonov ¹
• Saidislomkhon Tukhtasinov ²
• Afzaljon Qodirov ³
• Sokhibjon Komolddinov ²
• Ikboljon Zokhidov ³
• Ilkhombek Kholiddinov ³
• Bekzod Boynazarov ³

¹ Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Fergana State Technical University, Fergana, Uzbekistan

² Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Fergana State Technical University, Fergana, Fergana, Uzbekistan.

³ Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Energy Engineering, Fergana State Technical University, Fergana, Fergana, Uzbekistan

Abstract

Water scarcity has become a major global challenge, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where freshwater resources are limited and demand continues to increase. Renewable energy-driven desalination technologies have emerged as promising solutions for sustainable freshwater production while reducing dependence on fossil fuels and minimizing environmental impacts. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent developments in major desalination technologies powered by renewable energy sources, including solar still systems, reverse osmosis, membrane distillation, humidification–dehumidification, multi-effect distillation, and concentrated solar desalination systems. Their operating principles, advantages, limitations, and recent technological advancements are critically discussed. Furthermore, the performance characteristics and application potential of these technologies in water-scarce regions are comparatively evaluated. Major challenges associated with large-scale implementation, such as high capital costs, membrane fouling, heat losses, and energy storage limitations, are also highlighted. In addition, emerging trends involving advanced materials, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things technologies, and hybrid desalination configurations are discussed as promising approaches for improving system efficiency and sustainability. The findings indicate that renewable energy-based desalination technologies offer significant potential for achieving long-term water security and sustainable water management in arid regions

Keywords

• Membrane Distillation
• Multi-Effect Distillation
• Humidification–Dehumidification
• Concentrated Solar Power
• Arid Regions

Main Subjects

• Desalinations Systems with Renewable Energies