Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, Mazandaran University of Science and Technology, Babol, Iran
Abstract
Abstract- This study develops an optimal sizing framework for a standalone photovoltaic–wind–diesel–battery microgrid intended for remote residential applications. Photovoltaic generation, wind generation, diesel backup, and battery storage are sized simultaneously under two loss of power supply probability (LPSP) limits of 2% and 5% to quantify the cost–reliability trade-off. The sizing problem is solved using the Bald Eagle Search (BES) algorithm and compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a genetic algorithm (GA). Under the reported simulations, BES yields the lowest objective value in both reliability scenarios. At LPSP = 2%, the BES objective value is 7.44% lower than that obtained using PSO and 5.44% lower than that obtained using GA. Tightening the reliability requirement from LPSP = 5% to 2% increases the reported system cost by approximately 9% and requires greater renewable-generation and battery-storage capacity. Batteries represent approximately 29–33% of the reported total cost. First-order cost-share estimates further indicate that the total cost is more sensitive to changes in battery-related costs than to variations in diesel-related costs when the optimized component capacities are held fixed.
Keywords
- Standalone microgrid
- Hybrid renewable energy system
- Optimal sizing
- Loss of power supply probability
- Bald Eagle Search algorithm
Main Subjects
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