Biomass Energy Sources
Asefa Keneni Negassa; addisu turura
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess and evaluate the biogas yield of food wastes generated from the main campus of Ambo University's student cafeteria in a batch anaerobic digestion. Food waste from preprocessing and leftover from the student cafeteria were collected and measured. Standard techniques ...
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The objective of this study was to assess and evaluate the biogas yield of food wastes generated from the main campus of Ambo University's student cafeteria in a batch anaerobic digestion. Food waste from preprocessing and leftover from the student cafeteria were collected and measured. Standard techniques were used to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of the various food wastes, and the barrier solution was used to assess the amount of biogas and methane produced. The daily, weekly, monthly and yearly generated food wastes were: 1,283.02; 8,883.14; 38, 489.06; 204, 448.78kg respectively and the rate of generation of food waste was 0.37kg/capita/day. The moisture content ranged from 3.4±0.78% to 93.11±0.30%; total solids from 6.9±0.30% to 96.6±0.72%, VS of TS 82.1±0.59% to 98.1±0.75%; OC from 45.6±0.33% to 54.5±0.02%, C:N from 33.8% to 20.03±0.3%. The highest average biogas and percentage of methane were measured from FLM (12500±307.16ml and (81.65±2.58%) respectively while, the lowest average total biogas and percentage of methane were from the FPK (8590.33±260.77ml and (67.15±2.47%) respectively. The findings of this study revealed that the high quantity of food waste that was readily available at the study site and that could potentially be converted into high quantity and high-quality bio-methane which could serve two purposes: producing of bio-fuels and reducing environmental degradation from the open disposal of food waste.
Biomass Energy Sources
Praveen Kumar G Yadav; Din Bandhu; Jayasimha K. Reddy; Meenakshi R. Reddy; Chadaram Srinivasu; Ganesh Babu Katam
Abstract
Recycling plastics into energy sources is the most promising method for cutting down on pollution and trash. In this regard, predictions of adiabatic engines using pistons with thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were made to reduce in-cylinder heat rejection, safeguard the underlying metallic surfaces from ...
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Recycling plastics into energy sources is the most promising method for cutting down on pollution and trash. In this regard, predictions of adiabatic engines using pistons with thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were made to reduce in-cylinder heat rejection, safeguard the underlying metallic surfaces from thermal cracking, and indeed reduce engine emissions. This study compares the predicted thermal and physical parameters of Plastic Waste Oil (WP) with its diesel blends in fixed proportions of WP10D90 (10% plastic oil, 90% diesel), WP20D80, WP30D70, WP40D60, and WP50D50 to diesel values. The study further explores the concept of the utility function to evaluate the best-ranked fuel blend in each category of various performance characteristics namely BTE, BSFC, UHC, CO, and NOx. Additionally, the effect of the thermal barrier piston coating on CI engine performance metrics and emissions was studied and compared to those achieved with regular diesel oil. When compared to diesel, the results state that the WP40D60 blend has the highest brake thermal efficiency, i.e., 31.62% at 80% load, and the lowest NOx emissions at all load conditions. In addition, it was further observed that the WP20D80 has lower hydrocarbon (HC) emissions at 20% load and an increment in CO emissions for all blends and load combinations. Overall, WP30D70 has come up with the best fuel as per the Utility function.
Biomass Energy Sources
Madhurjya Saikia; Pranjal Sarmah; Partha P Borthakur
Abstract
Biodiesel, derived from biomass, offers significant environmental advantages by reducing CO2 and CO emissions and promoting energy self-sufficiency. Currently, biodiesel remains limited to DG sets used by a small number of farmers in India, with minimal adoption in the transportation sector. Numerous ...
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Biodiesel, derived from biomass, offers significant environmental advantages by reducing CO2 and CO emissions and promoting energy self-sufficiency. Currently, biodiesel remains limited to DG sets used by a small number of farmers in India, with minimal adoption in the transportation sector. Numerous challenges impede biodiesel's acceptance. This research focuses on identifying challenges connected to India's biofuel policy, supply chain inefficiencies, and vehicle technology. In terms of cultivation, land management, and the delivery of high yielding varieties to farmers, biofuel policies have failed to encourage indigenous feedstock. Instead, the Biofuel Policy 2022 encourages the imported palm oil sterain. Inconsistencies in the supply chain caused by policies impair the cost effectiveness of biodiesel. Diesel engines in automobiles have compatibility concerns owing to corrosiveness and high fuel consumption due to the fuel's low calorific value. Furthermore, biodiesel causes substantial NOx emissions. This study offers policy-level solutions, such as encouraging the production of domestic feedstocks through efficient management of wastelands. In this approach, farmers may receive high yielding seeds at a reduced cost until the industry is self-sufficient. In addition, Policy Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme can be given to biodiesel producers. A policy like ethanol blending can also be implemented. The biodiesel supply chain, like that of Germany, the United States, Malaysia, and Indonesia, must be optimized. For the technological challenges in diesel engines, the government must use policy intervention, to incorporate engine components suitable for biodiesel, as well as upgrade diesel engines by calibrating electronic control units and with exhaust gas recirculation systems.
Biomass Energy Sources
Mohammad Khoobbakht; Mohsen Soleymani; Kamran Kheiralipour; Mahmoud Karimi
Abstract
The effect of biodiesel percentage in biodiesel-diesel blends on the engine under different engine operation conditions must be predicted to achieve high performance. The goal of the present paper was to model brake power, brake torque, thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption of a diesel engine ...
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The effect of biodiesel percentage in biodiesel-diesel blends on the engine under different engine operation conditions must be predicted to achieve high performance. The goal of the present paper was to model brake power, brake torque, thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption of a diesel engine fueled by algal biodiesel-diesel blends. The response surface methodology was successfully applied to model the performance indicators of biodiesel-diesel fueled OM 314 diesel engine at various engine loads and rotational speeds. Brake power, torque, and thermal efficiency increased by increasing engine load. Increasing engine rotational speed caused increase in brake power whereas highest brake torque and thermal efficiency was obtained in medium engine rotational speed. Increase of biodiesel percentage caused decrease in. Biodiesel had negative effects, but it had lower effects than engine load and rotational speed on the change of the engine performance indicators. Brake specific fuel consumption decreased by increasing load but it was lowest in medium rotational speeds. A quadratic model was suitably fitted to predict the effects of input-output variables with statistical significance of 1% probability level. The coefficient of determinations for prediction of the engine brake power, brake torque, thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption were 97.63, 99.74, 97.41, and 95.72%, respectively. The result of the present work is useful to find optimum biodiesel percentage and engine load and rotational speed to achieve high performance fuel blends.
Biomass Energy Sources
Madhurjya Saikia; Pranjal Sarmah; Rupam Deka; Dipankar Das
Abstract
India has experienced rapid industrialization, propelling it to be the world's 3rd largest energy consumer. Among the sectors driving this energy consumption, the transportation industry plays a significant role. In the fiscal year 2022-23, India witnessed a surge in petroleum consumption, reaching a ...
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India has experienced rapid industrialization, propelling it to be the world's 3rd largest energy consumer. Among the sectors driving this energy consumption, the transportation industry plays a significant role. In the fiscal year 2022-23, India witnessed a surge in petroleum consumption, reaching a record high of 222.3 million tonnes. However, the country's crude oil production remained at 29.2 million tonnes during the same period, leading to a substantial reliance on imports. In fact, India imported crude oil of 232.4 million tonnes in 2022-23, amounting to a cost of approximately USD 158.3 billion. To curtail its dependence on imports, the Indian government has promoted ethanol as a renewable fuel alternative for several years. Although policies supporting the Ethanol Blended Program have been in place since 2003, they struggled to meet their targets until the introduction of the National Biofuel Policy in 2018. The policy incorporated several modifications and aimed to address the shortcomings of previous efforts. Presently, ethanol blending with petrol is being offered at a maximum concentration of 10% across the country, with the ultimate goal of completely replacing petrol with ethanol. This study analyzes India's ethanol blending program, evaluating policy impacts on distribution and production. It identifies challenges in feedstock availability, the role of oil marketing companies (OMCs), and vehicular technology hindrances. Proposed solutions include utilizing alternative feedstocks, supported by PLI schemes. OMCs should address logistical issues and reduce transportation costs by promoting local ethanol production. Optimizing petrol engines and expediting the introduction of flex engines are recommended.
Biomass Energy Sources
Ganesh S Warkhade; Ganesh Babu Katam; Veeresh Babu Alur
Abstract
This paper analyses the VCR (variable compression ratio) engine's performance, combustion, and emission output responses. The experimental results were modelled using the Grey Taguchi method (GTM) for input parameters of compression ratio, load, and fuel blends. The objective is to find the optimal combination ...
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This paper analyses the VCR (variable compression ratio) engine's performance, combustion, and emission output responses. The experimental results were modelled using the Grey Taguchi method (GTM) for input parameters of compression ratio, load, and fuel blends. The objective is to find the optimal combination of input parameters in the minimum number of experiments for minimum emission, better performance, and combustion parameters. The Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array with GTM is used to get the optimum combination of input parameters. The Taguchi was used to analyze the S/N ratio of experimental data and the gray-based method for optimization of multi-objective to single-objective optimization by assigning the suitable weighting factor to each response. The S/N ratio analysis of grey relational grade (GRG) shows the fuel B10, CR 16, and load at 100% of the optimal input factor level. This optimal level is further confirmed by the TOPSIS method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for input to GRG shows the highest influencing factor is the load with a 52.82% contribution, followed by CR at 28.38%, and fuel at 10.52%. The confirmatory results show an improvement of 56.1%. The novelty of this experimentation was to study feasibility of existing engine for alternative fuel with slight modification. At above optimal conditions, this biodiesel can be used efficiently in an unmodified compression ignition engine.
Biomass Energy Sources
M. Akbari Vakilabadi; A.R. Binesh; M. Monfared
Abstract
A mathematical model has been investigated to predict the effect of hydrodynamic forces, especially thermophoretic forces on micro organic particles in counter-flow combustion in this research. Hydrodynamic forces change the velocity and concentration of evaporative organic particles moving toward the ...
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A mathematical model has been investigated to predict the effect of hydrodynamic forces, especially thermophoretic forces on micro organic particles in counter-flow combustion in this research. Hydrodynamic forces change the velocity and concentration of evaporative organic particles moving toward the flame and they make a particle-free distance above the flame surface. Particle evaporation creates a thrust force that affects the velocity of the particles, which can be ignored compared to other hydrodynamic forces. Also, the temperature difference between the particles, the interaction of the particles on each other is neglected.The distance between the inlet nozzle and the flame surface is divided into four zones to investigate the dynamic behavior of particles in the flame front that in each case, the dynamic particles equations are written and the effect of thermophoretic force, weight force, drag force and buoyant force are analyzed on the particles and as a result, the velocity and concentration profiles of the particles are obtained in terms of distance from the flame front at different strain rates and with different particle diameters. The particles concentration of above the flame front increases with the balance of these forces, which the increasing the particles accumulation above the flame decreases the combustibility of particles in the flame front. Then, the length of the particle-free zone is extracted under the influence of different strain rates at different temperatures. As the flame surface approaches, the temperature gradient rises and the thermophoretic force increases. Accordingly, heavier particles accumulate closer to the flame surface.
Biomass Energy Sources
G. Jebeso Morketo; M. Fekadu; T. Dajene
Abstract
The present study investigated appropriate tree species for biomass energy utilization by determining trees' dry biomass and fuel value index, taking into account that developing countries rely heavily on fuelwood for energy consumption. In Ethiopia, biomass currently meets more than 89.5% of total energy ...
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The present study investigated appropriate tree species for biomass energy utilization by determining trees' dry biomass and fuel value index, taking into account that developing countries rely heavily on fuelwood for energy consumption. In Ethiopia, biomass currently meets more than 89.5% of total energy consumption. Despite this reliance on biomass, there is a scarcity of fuelwood as well as data on dry biomass potential and fuel value indices of tree species utilized in various parts of the country. This study was done on the selection of trees for fuelwood purposes based on their dry biomass potential and fuel quality characteristics. Five highly performed Eucalyptus tree species were selected and aboveground biomass was measured using the destructive approach, whereas the fuel value index was computed using the effective method with four parameters (Calorific Value, Wood density, Ash content and Moisture content). These parameters were determined following the American Society for Testing and Materials method. Finally, aboveground biomass and carbon content varied from 13.96kg to 87.47kg and 6.03kg to 37.86 kg Tree-1, respectively. The biomass and carbon content of E. globulus and E. viminalis were both high. The maximum fuel value index was 276.34 for E. saligna. The computed fuel characteristics were statistically varied among tree species at (P ≤0.0001). Based on the tree fuel characteristics findings, E. globulus, E. viminalis, and E. saligna were identified as the best fuelwood species and were suggested for future plantations.
Biomass Energy Sources
Tegene Tantu Geta; Mahelete Tsegaye; Gemechu Yadeta; Tewabech Alemu; Berhanu Sugebo; Dagnachew Genene
Abstract
The low bulk density of wood wastes causes handling, storage, and transportation issues, limiting its large-scale application. Pelletization can solve this inherent problem by converting biomass into dense and compact pellets with regular shape and size. To evaluate the effect of particle size and binding ...
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The low bulk density of wood wastes causes handling, storage, and transportation issues, limiting its large-scale application. Pelletization can solve this inherent problem by converting biomass into dense and compact pellets with regular shape and size. To evaluate the effect of particle size and binding agents on pellets of carbonized Pinus patula sawdust, the particle size of 0.6 mm, 1.18 mm and 2.3 mm and binding agents of cow dung, molasses and wastepaper were used. The experimental results indicated that the addition of cow dung and molasses into the carbonized sawdust resulted in increase of calorific value, decrease of ash content and increase of fixed carbon. As a result, the maximum calorific value of 28.47 MJ/kg, ash content of 2.93%, and fixed carbon of 59.32% were obtained by using molasses.The calorific value of 25.8 MJ/kg, ash content of 6.03% and fixed carbon of 52.77% were obtained by using cow dung. Whereas, addition of wastepaper into carbonized sawdust resulted in lower calorific value of 22.3 MJ/kg, highest ash value of 8.35% and low fixed carbon of 43.2%. Therefore, the use of cow dung and molasses as a binder can be considered as a sustainable approach to improve the physicochemical properties of biomass pellets.