Biomass Energy Sources
Madhurjya Saikia; Pranjal Sarmah; Rupam Deka; Dipankar Das
Abstract
India has experienced rapid industrialization, propelling it to be the world's 3rd largest energy consumer. Among the sectors driving this energy consumption, the transportation industry plays a significant role. In the fiscal year 2022-23, India witnessed a surge in petroleum consumption, reaching a ...
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India has experienced rapid industrialization, propelling it to be the world's 3rd largest energy consumer. Among the sectors driving this energy consumption, the transportation industry plays a significant role. In the fiscal year 2022-23, India witnessed a surge in petroleum consumption, reaching a record high of 222.3 million tonnes. However, the country's crude oil production remained at 29.2 million tonnes during the same period, leading to a substantial reliance on imports. In fact, India imported crude oil of 232.4 million tonnes in 2022-23, amounting to a cost of approximately USD 158.3 billion. To curtail its dependence on imports, the Indian government has promoted ethanol as a renewable fuel alternative for several years. Although policies supporting the Ethanol Blended Program have been in place since 2003, they struggled to meet their targets until the introduction of the National Biofuel Policy in 2018. The policy incorporated several modifications and aimed to address the shortcomings of previous efforts. Presently, ethanol blending with petrol is being offered at a maximum concentration of 10% across the country, with the ultimate goal of completely replacing petrol with ethanol. This study analyzes India's ethanol blending program, evaluating policy impacts on distribution and production. It identifies challenges in feedstock availability, the role of oil marketing companies (OMCs), and vehicular technology hindrances. Proposed solutions include utilizing alternative feedstocks, supported by PLI schemes. OMCs should address logistical issues and reduce transportation costs by promoting local ethanol production. Optimizing petrol engines and expediting the introduction of flex engines are recommended.
Ram Chhavi Sharma
Abstract
Demand of energy is increasing day by day worldwide. Also the use of non-renewable energy resources has created serious problems like global warming and air pollution. At the same time, these resources are fast depleting. So we have to look on renewable energy resources to meet the future energy needs. ...
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Demand of energy is increasing day by day worldwide. Also the use of non-renewable energy resources has created serious problems like global warming and air pollution. At the same time, these resources are fast depleting. So we have to look on renewable energy resources to meet the future energy needs. Geothermal energy resources are very versatile renewable energy resource and have wide range of potential use to fulfill the energy need of society in and around the regions of its availability. The present study critically examines the energy from geothermal resources and scope of its utilization in India. There are about 400 known thermal areas in India, each represented by hot spring. The potential geothermal resources exist all around these hot springs. The temperatures of these springs range from 34°C to 96oC. Based on cation’s and anions study, the water types are mostly NaHCO3Cl, NaCaHCO3Cl, CaMgHCO3 and NaHCO3ClSO4. The geothermal fluids from the shallow wells at Puga have been effectively applied to the refining of borax and sulphur as well as experimental space heating. India’s first power plant to produce estimated output power of 250MW will be setup at Puga. The helium content in the hot gases from Bakreswar geothermal sites varies from 1-3%. Helium exploration field stations were established in the above mentioned sites. The geothermal gradient varies from 0.7-2.5oC/m at Chhumathang geothermal field indicating the powerful geothermal region. There exists great scope to use this versatile resource for electrical as well as non-electrical applications in India.
A. Beiranvand; M.A. Ehyaei; A. Ahmadi; Jose Luz Silvaria
Abstract
The high potential of solar energy in Iran, as well as the problem of air pollution, makes it increasingly inevitable that solar energy is used. In this study, the solar-powered Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has been investigated. The solar-type collector is a flat plate collector. The energy, exergy, ...
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The high potential of solar energy in Iran, as well as the problem of air pollution, makes it increasingly inevitable that solar energy is used. In this study, the solar-powered Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has been investigated. The solar-type collector is a flat plate collector. The energy, exergy, and economic analyses of the hybrid system with the MOPSO algorithm have been carried out for Tehran., the capital of Iran. The working fluid of the solar collector has assumed water and the working fluid of the ORC cycle is R123. The MATLAB software is used for simulation and to compute the R123 fluid properties, the Refprop software is used. The exergy investigation shows that the most exergy destruction is related to the evaporator. Two objective functions consist of exergy efficiency and the price of electricity are considered. The decision variables for this optimization are considered as; the number of solar collector panels, the pump, and turbine isentropic efficiencies, and the pressure of condenser and evaporator. The Pareto diagram shows that the exergy efficiency of the system can vary as 7.5 % to 10.5 %, as well as the price of produced electricity can vary from 0.2 to 0.26 to $/kWh.
Electricity Generation by Green Energy Sources
A. Ahmadi; F. Esmaeilion; A. Esmaeilion; M. A. Ehyaei; J. L. Silveira
Abstract
Until 2026, the annual rate of municipal solid waste production will increase and the per capita waste generation in Iran will be 0.6 kg/person.day. In this paper, the process of conversion of waste-to-energy in Iran is investigated and the future situation is estimated. Also, the trend of waste management ...
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Until 2026, the annual rate of municipal solid waste production will increase and the per capita waste generation in Iran will be 0.6 kg/person.day. In this paper, the process of conversion of waste-to-energy in Iran is investigated and the future situation is estimated. Also, the trend of waste management methods and energy production are evaluated. At the end, the benefits of the waste-to-energy process at the capital of Iran (Tehran) are observed. Waste-to-Energy (WTE) facilities in waste management are used within 3 regions of 22 metropolitan areas of Tehran and serve 950,000 citizens. With manufacturing new WTE plants in Iran, it would be possible to prevent the burning of about 15 million barrels of oil or 255⨯107 cubic meters of natural gas annually and use these fossil fuels to produce petrochemicals and export them. The associated overall expenses of WTE is also estimated in different countries at a rate of GDP between 300 and 3,000 $ per ton of MSW. By substituting WTE plants instead of oil basic plants, can reduce about 0.13 kg/kWh CO2 emissions. While most of the power plants are gas basic, that will have an increase of CO2 emissions of about 0.19 kg / kWh.