Original Article
Photovoltaic Systems
A. Bourhani Said; Yusen Yan; Hui Zhou; Yanguo Zhang; Qinghai Li
Abstract
This study presents the design and simulation of a concentrating photovoltaic-thermal (CPVT) hybrid system that integrates spectral beam splitting (SBS) technology. The system utilizes conventional heliostat mirrors with dual-axis tracking to concentrate sunlight onto both a monocrystalline photovoltaic ...
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This study presents the design and simulation of a concentrating photovoltaic-thermal (CPVT) hybrid system that integrates spectral beam splitting (SBS) technology. The system utilizes conventional heliostat mirrors with dual-axis tracking to concentrate sunlight onto both a monocrystalline photovoltaic module and a thermal receiver. Nb2O5/SiO2/K9 spectral filter, with high transmittance in the 580–1100 nm range, is used to separate high-energy photons for photovoltaic conversion and low-energy photons for thermal energy production. The optimal installation position and angle of the mirrors and components were determined, and simulations were conducted to assess the system’s performance. The proposed hybrid system achieved a photovoltaic electrical efficiency of 18.00%, a thermal efficiency of 34.29%, and an overall system electrical efficiency of 26.57%. These results highlight the effectiveness of both the spectral filter and the concentration system, positioning this hybrid solution as a promising approach to maximize solar energy utilization.
Original Article
Applications of Machine Learning Algorithms in Renewable Energies
Pavan Gangwar; Aishvarya Narain
Abstract
This paper presents various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems operating under partial shading conditions (PSCs). Traditional methods such as perturb and observe (P&O) used as a base model which face significant challenges in accurately identifying ...
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This paper presents various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques for solar photovoltaic (SPV) systems operating under partial shading conditions (PSCs). Traditional methods such as perturb and observe (P&O) used as a base model which face significant challenges in accurately identifying the maximum power point (MPP) in the power-voltage curve. To overcome these challenges other optimization techniques like particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) and machine learning (ML) is used. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) based MPPT framework designed to predict duty cycles based on SPV voltage and current inputs. Simulation results shows that the MLP-based approach achieves faster convergence in power output, and improved voltage stability compared to P&O, PSO, GWO, and CSA methods. The result highlights the potential of integrating ML techniques into SPV systems to enhance efficiency in challenging PSC scenarios. This research contributes to the advancement of sustainable solar energy technologies by leveraging adaptive intelligence for optimal energy harvesting.
Original Article
Fuel Cells
Zeinab Hamidzadeh
Abstract
This research intends to conduct scientometrics and knowledge management for fuel cell system research for efficiency energy based on data on Scopus from 2011 to 2024. Using statistical methods and analytical software VOSviewer, 1,399 articles published in 247 data sources were analyzed, and the ...
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This research intends to conduct scientometrics and knowledge management for fuel cell system research for efficiency energy based on data on Scopus from 2011 to 2024. Using statistical methods and analytical software VOSviewer, 1,399 articles published in 247 data sources were analyzed, and the results showed that the average growth rate per year was 12.79% and the average number of citations per article was 36.79. China is considered to be the leader in 2,678 articles and 14,189 citations, with Iran and the US (356 and 503 articles) are mainly involved in the technological improvements in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), as highlighted in the findings. Leading the field by far are Energy and Applied Energy with 225 and 177 papers, having both h and g above 60 and 80, respectively. The existence of high-frequency keywords such as “energy efficiency” (1,456 occurrences), “SOFC” (614 occurrences), and “PEMFC” (612 occurrences) confirms the importance of performance improvement in research field, while some keywords including “carbon dioxide” and “waste heat” show us that more attention are attached to environmental issue. This is interesting because international collaborations, which forms 26.45%, is significant, and perhaps there is a need for improved linkages. Knowledge management, driven by data and interactive dashboards, filled those gaps, including one for green hydrogen infrastructure. According to the study, fostering international collaboration support to a new generation of researchers, fostering sustainable materials and focusing on hybrid systems could pave the road towards fuel cells commercialization.
Original Article
Photovoltaic Systems
Radin Ahmadi; Ali Sarreshtehdari
Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) panels experience efficiency losses from elevated operating temperatures, particularly in high-insolation regions where overheating reduces power output and module lifespan. This issue is exacerbated in arid climates like Iran, where abundant solar resources coincide with extreme heat, ...
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Photovoltaic (PV) panels experience efficiency losses from elevated operating temperatures, particularly in high-insolation regions where overheating reduces power output and module lifespan. This issue is exacerbated in arid climates like Iran, where abundant solar resources coincide with extreme heat, emphasizing the need for cost-effective passive cooling. Prior research focuses on active cooling or wind-assisted methods, overlooking natural convection under stagnant conditions and the use of commercially available materials. To address these gaps, this study evaluates the thermal and electrical benefits of repurposing industrial aluminum profiles as heat sinks for PV panels, offering a sustainable solution using off-the-shelf components without custom fabrication. Experiments used a controlled laboratory setup with a monocrystalline PV panel under 1000 W/m² irradiation and zero wind speed. Three aluminum profiles, varying in mass and geometry, were attached to the panel's rear and compared to an uncooled reference. Measurements included time-dependent surface temperatures, power outputs and thermal imaging, with uncertainty analysis for reliability. Findings indicated time-dependent effects: during the initial heating phase (0-30 minutes), heat sinks reduced temperatures (up to 2.56°C for the heaviest model) and increased power (up to 1.65%). In the stabilization phase (30-60 minutes), temperatures exceeded the reference (by 0.25-1.57°C), causing slight power drops (0.67-1.24%). Heavier profiles delayed stabilization but risked hot air entrapment. These time-dependent effects underscore the potential of aluminum heat sinks for modest PV performance improvements in zero-wind conditions, albeit with trade-offs in long-term stability. These findings emphasize the importance of geometry selection for enhancing natural convection efficiency in stagnant-air PV applications.
Original Article
Energy Policy
Ritu Raj; Shivani Dhand
Abstract
This study aims to examine the effect of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) on Environmental Sustainability (ES) and to investigate the mediating role of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Towards Environment (OCBE) in listed Indian banks operating in Punjab. With increasing regulatory pressure ...
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This study aims to examine the effect of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) on Environmental Sustainability (ES) and to investigate the mediating role of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Towards Environment (OCBE) in listed Indian banks operating in Punjab. With increasing regulatory pressure under India’s ESG and BRSR framework, banks are required to integrate sustainability into their internal practices, making this investigation both timely and relevant. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was adopted. Primary data were collected from 660 employee respondents who work in Public and Private Sector Listed Indian Bank in Punjab, using a structured questionnaire measured on a five-point Likert scale. The constructs included GHRM, OCBE, and ES. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. Reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were established prior to testing the structural model. Mediation was examined using bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples. The results revealed that GHRM has a significant positive effect on OCBE and Environmental Sustainability. OCBE also significantly influences Environmental Sustainability. The mediation analysis confirmed that OCBE partially mediates the relationship between GHRM and ES. The findings demonstrate that green-oriented HR practices significantly enhance employees’ voluntary pro-environmental behavior. The study found that GHRM significantly affects Environmental Sustainability and strongly influences OCBE. OCBE also partially mediated the GHRM-ES relationship. The study highlights the critical role of employee-driven green behavior in achieving sustainability outcomes. It offers practical implications for bank management, policymakers, and regulators aiming to strengthen sustainability performance through people-centric green strategies.
Original Article
Energy Policy
Hossein Heirani; Seyed Mohammad Shobeiry
Abstract
This paper analyzes the life cycle of Iran's wind energy innovation system through a co-evolutionary framework that examines the interplay between the system and its contextual environment. Our analysis reveals that the system is transitioning from formation to growth, but remains vulnerable due to its ...
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This paper analyzes the life cycle of Iran's wind energy innovation system through a co-evolutionary framework that examines the interplay between the system and its contextual environment. Our analysis reveals that the system is transitioning from formation to growth, but remains vulnerable due to its high dependence on contextual factors. By examining three historical phases, we demonstrate how political, geographical, and sectoral contexts have critically influenced the system's development trajectory. The research identifies key systemic problems across functional, structural, and contextual dimensions, showing how their dynamics have either facilitated or hindered growth. Based on these findings, we propose policy recommendations focused on infrastructure stabilization, institutional support, and contextual management to overcome barriers and enhance the system's resilience and performance. This co-evolutionary perspective offers policymakers a novel framework for understanding and addressing the complex challenges facing renewable energy innovation systems.
Original Article
Tide, Wave and Hydro Power
Hosein Jokar; Abuzar Abazari; Reza Dorostkar
Abstract
One of the main needs for dhow vessels is fuel for diesel generators that generate electricity, which in turn is used in refrigerators and electronic devices. Concerning the development of new devices for electricity generation such as point absorber wave energy converters, in the present research for ...
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One of the main needs for dhow vessels is fuel for diesel generators that generate electricity, which in turn is used in refrigerators and electronic devices. Concerning the development of new devices for electricity generation such as point absorber wave energy converters, in the present research for the first time, the feasibility of installing such converters on the hull of the dhow vessel and their performance is being examined. These WECs expanded on the sea-free surface level during anchoring time. Depending on the relative angular displacement between the WEC and the dhow hull the electricity is produced. In the present study, the simulations are done based on the diffraction theory in Ansys AQWA. The results showed that for considering four installed WECs, the maximum output power of 400 kilowatts is produced, which is an acceptable amount of energy for supplying the common electronic devices on the dhow vessel. In addition to this, it has been shown that the hybrid system of the dhow and WECs in the anchoring mode has fewer dynamic responses compared to a single dhow without WECs. Such conditions can be utilized for the comfort of the passengers or special operations during the anchoring time. It was also observed that the buoy size does not have a considerable effect on the production power and dynamic response of the platform, while the length of 2 m for the lever and angle of 90 degrees of the incident wave is optimum from the production power point of view.
Original Article
Biomass Energy Sources
Ravi Kumar Kotturi; Murali Krishna Murali Krishna; Sudheer Prem Kumar Bellam
Abstract
Due to their availability and environmental concerns, waste plastic, which contains a lot of hydrocarbons with high calorific value, makes suitable alternative fuels. Pyrolysis oil from discarded plastics can fuel diesel engines without modification. The performance, combustion, and emissions of waste ...
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Due to their availability and environmental concerns, waste plastic, which contains a lot of hydrocarbons with high calorific value, makes suitable alternative fuels. Pyrolysis oil from discarded plastics can fuel diesel engines without modification. The performance, combustion, and emissions of waste plastic oil bio-diesel blend were tested on a single-cylinder, CRDi vehicle research engine with an open ECU. The test varied engine speed (1500, 2000, 2500 rpm) and load (low, medium, full). Waste plastic oil (WPO) blended with pure diesel fuel in 10%, 20%, and 30% volumes and compared to diesel. Engine speeds increased cylinder pressure and brake thermal efficiency. The findings demonstrate that the thermal efficiency of all waste plastic oil blends is lower compared to diesel across all loading conditions. Specifically, at full load, the peak cylinder pressure, heat release, combustion duration, and ignition delay were higher for plastic oil and its blends compared to diesel. The engine running on waste plastic oil experienced a roughly 6% increase in peak pressure but exhibited lower thermal efficiency. These test results highlight the significant impact of the fuel's physical properties on combustion characteristics. In addition, it is observed that increase in Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission and low brake specific fuel consumption with respect to the speed. The utilization of WPO with diesel up to 20% in the blend can be used in diesel engines with a slight increase in emission of Carbon monoxide (CO) at higher loads.
Original Article
Tide, Wave and Hydro Power
Muhammad Imran; Abdur Rafai
Abstract
Wind energy constitutes a vital pillar of global decarbonisation strategy, with horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) accounting for over 95% of installed capacity. This study addresses site-specific aerodynamic design and optimization of a 25-metre HAWT rotor blade tailored to the Jamshoro wind corridor, ...
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Wind energy constitutes a vital pillar of global decarbonisation strategy, with horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) accounting for over 95% of installed capacity. This study addresses site-specific aerodynamic design and optimization of a 25-metre HAWT rotor blade tailored to the Jamshoro wind corridor, Pakistan, employing Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory within the QBlade v0.96 computational platform. Eight NACA 4-digit airfoils—symmetric 00xx series (0012, 0015, 0018, 0020) and cambered 55xx series (5512, 5515, 5518, 5520)—were systematically evaluated across Reynolds numbers from 4.0×10⁵ to 1.2×10⁶. Four distinct blade configurations were developed and benchmarked under Jamshoro site conditions (mean wind speed 9 m/s; operational range 5–14 m/s; rated rotational speed 25 RPM). The fully cambered 55xx blade achieved a maximum power coefficient Cₙ = 0.52 at tip-speed ratio TSR = 9, representing 88% of the theoretical Betz limit, generating 500 kW at mean conditions and 1,373 kW at 14 m/s. Symmetric designs were outperformed by 37%. A hybrid root–cambered tip configuration achieved 96% of peak performance. Parametric chord and twist studies confirm manufacturing tolerance of ±20% with less than 5% power variation, validating feasibility for emerging-market production. Peak aerodynamic loading (normal force 3,423 N; tangential force 45,077 N) occurs at 50–70% span, establishing structural design limits. Results support indigenous wind turbine manufacturing in Pakistan with 20–30% cost reduction, contributing to the national 30% renewable-electricity target by 2030.
Original Article
Photovoltaic Systems
Ahmad Shah Baburi; Ahmad Mirzaei; Yaser Karimi
Abstract
Photovoltaic systems consist of multiple modules connected in series and parallel to produce a specific current and voltage. These modules may experience partial shading, leading to increased power losses, the formation of hot spots, reduced system performance, and physical damage to the modules. Various ...
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Photovoltaic systems consist of multiple modules connected in series and parallel to produce a specific current and voltage. These modules may experience partial shading, leading to increased power losses, the formation of hot spots, reduced system performance, and physical damage to the modules. Various configurations are presented for connecting modules to each other, each offering advantages in mitigating partial shading effects. This paper proposed a novel configuration called the Step configuration, inspired by the architecture of adjacent buildings sharing a common staircase. This configuration improves the output power of the system under all partial shading patterns. The method is simple, easy to implement, and cost-effective, ensuring lower power losses and higher reliability under partial shading conditions. The approach is tested on a 6×6 sample array and a 14×6 real power plant under various partial shading conditions in MATLAB/Simulink and compared with conventional configurations. According to the test results, the Step configuration generates higher output power compared to other configurations, and uses less wiring compared to total-cross-tied (TCT) configuration, although there is a slight difference in their output power.
Original Article
Applications of Machine Learning Algorithms in Renewable Energies
Marouan Ben El Haj; Said Ziani
Abstract
Reliable extraction of PV module electrical parameters constitutes a critical step toward enabling fault detection and performance assessment. The strong dependence of these parameters on environmental factors, particularly solar irradiance and cell operating temperature, introduces significant nonlinearity ...
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Reliable extraction of PV module electrical parameters constitutes a critical step toward enabling fault detection and performance assessment. The strong dependence of these parameters on environmental factors, particularly solar irradiance and cell operating temperature, introduces significant nonlinearity that complicates their accurate identification. This paper proposes a hybrid metaheuristic framework, combining the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) for global search with the Fishier Mantis Optimizer (FMO) for local refinement, for the parameter identification of single-, double-, and triple-diode PV models (SDM, DDM, TDM). A Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network is additionally investigated as a candidate residual corrector between the equivalent-circuit simulation and the measured current. Experimental validation uses current-voltage (I-V) data measured from the Solarex MSX60 module at three irradiance levels (600, 800, 1000 W/m², 25 °C). In a fair benchmark where PSO, GA, standard WOA, and two modern (post-2019) metaheuristics — the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA) and the Slime Mould Algorithm (SMA) — are equipped with the same Latin-Hypercube initialization, opposition-based learning and reflection-based boundary handling as the proposed method, WOA-FMO attains a physical-parameter RMSE of 3.71×10⁻² A on all three topologies, significantly outperforming every baseline, classic and modern alike (Wilcoxon rank-sum, p<0.01 in all ten pairwise comparisons), at a comparable computational cost.
Original Article
Transformation of Generated Electricity by Renewable Energies to Grid
Alan Saeed; Kamil Yousif; Maiwan Abdulrazzaq
Abstract
The Gali Zakho Tunnel in Dohuk, Iraq consumes 12,704.44 kWh every day. Lighting, ventilation, safety monitoring, and control systems operate continuously. Power failure is a life-safety event. This study designs and optimizes a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for the tunnel using ...
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The Gali Zakho Tunnel in Dohuk, Iraq consumes 12,704.44 kWh every day. Lighting, ventilation, safety monitoring, and control systems operate continuously. Power failure is a life-safety event. This study designs and optimizes a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for the tunnel using HOMER Pro, operating strictly within the Kurdistan Region of Iraq's current grid policy: a purchase tariff of $0.129/kWh, zero export credit for surplus generation, and monthly net metering with no carryover. Five configurations were evaluated against a hard zero annual capacity shortage constraint. Two met it. Case-B (PV–Generator–Grid, 5,558 kW PV) is the economic winner: NPC $3.28M, COE $0.0187/kWh, 68.5% renewable fraction. The standby diesel generator burns zero fuel under normal conditions and activates only if both the grid and PV fail simultaneously. Case-C (PV–Battery–Grid, 5,768 kW PV) is the environmental winner: NPC $5.27M, COE $0.0380/kWh, 84.1% renewable fraction, 78.6% CO2 reduction versus grid-only. A two-layer battery framework separates daily economic cycling (10.4 hours) from a locked emergency reserve of 2,954 kWh (~5.6 hours). Combined, the system sustains uninterrupted tunnel operation for approximately 16 hours without any external input. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses on discount rate (0.95%–10% real), battery cost ($175–$300/kWh), and land/civil works ($0–$250k) confirm that both configurations remain economically viable across all tested scenarios. Both configurations are fully reliable and buildable today under regulations as they currently stand, without waiting for policy reform.