Degnechew Genene Demisu; S. Kebede; Daniel Gebeyehu Wondifraw
Abstract
Biodiesel has been considered as biodegradable, green, cleaner, alternative, renewable and eco-friendly energy source. It can supersede petrol-diesel and help to solve challenges accompanied with energy crisis, socio-economic, environmental pollution, climate change and global warming. Hybridization ...
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Biodiesel has been considered as biodegradable, green, cleaner, alternative, renewable and eco-friendly energy source. It can supersede petrol-diesel and help to solve challenges accompanied with energy crisis, socio-economic, environmental pollution, climate change and global warming. Hybridization of vegetable oils to synthesize biodiesel while improving fuel quality has not been studied extensively. Thus, the aim of this study was hybridization of M. stenopetala and A. indica seed oil to synthesize biodiesel and thereby improving the fuel quality. Response Surface Methodology, Box-Behnken Design, was employed in experimental design and result analysis. Oil mixing composition, reaction time and catalyst dose were selected as factors of study with three levels: low (-1), medium (0) and high (+1). Other parameters, temperature, alcohol to oil molar ratio and mixing speed were kept constant. The oil hybrid compositions were: M75N25 (75%v/v M. stenopetala oil and 25%v/v A. indica oil), M50N50 (50%v/v M. stenopetala oil and 50%v/v A. indica oil) and M25N75 (25%v/v M. stenopetala oil and 75%v/v A. indica seed oil) with their corresponding biodiesel, BM75N25, BM50N50, BM25N75 respectively. The catalyst dose of: 1, 1.5 and 2 %w/v potassium hydroxide flake; and reaction time of 20 min, 40 min and 60 min were considered as variables of study. Fifteen experimental runs were conducted with three levels for each factor. Quadratic model was developed with statistical significance, P - value < 0.0001. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and determination of coefficients were used to evaluate the model quality, where the main comparison was conducted at 5% Least Significant Difference.
Electricity Generation by Green Energy Sources
Melkior Urbanus; Ghaeth Fandi; Erick Mgaya; Zdenek Muller; Josef Tlusty
Abstract
Electric energy is necessary to meet the daily needs of the population, as it is used in cooking, heating, irrigation, lighting and others. There are many residential areas far from the public electricity network, hence the importance of solar energy in meeting the needs of these residents. This paper ...
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Electric energy is necessary to meet the daily needs of the population, as it is used in cooking, heating, irrigation, lighting and others. There are many residential areas far from the public electricity network, hence the importance of solar energy in meeting the needs of these residents. This paper will study the design of a solar photovoltaic system with a capacity of 131.6 kwh. The needs and requirements will be studied first, then a design will be made for The parts of this system, such as inverters, batteries, photovoltaic panels and other parts. The results that we will obtain will confirm that this energy system is able to meet the necessary needs with high efficiency, and will also confirm that it is environmentally friendly in terms of carbon emissions. We will take Tanzania as a case study , the designed system contain 108 panels and about 8kw battery bank to supply the load .
Photovoltaic Systems
Williams S. Ebhota; Pavel Tabakov
Abstract
This research provides concise insights into fossil fuel consumption challenges, and the factors contributing to global warming, and evaluates the significance of photovoltaic (PV) materials in achieving net-zero-CO2 emissions. The article categorizes constraints in the development of PV cells into four ...
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This research provides concise insights into fossil fuel consumption challenges, and the factors contributing to global warming, and evaluates the significance of photovoltaic (PV) materials in achieving net-zero-CO2 emissions. The article categorizes constraints in the development of PV cells into four main areas: technical factors, leadership impact, political instability, and financial aspects. Primarily, the study delves into technical factors, focusing on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and power density of PV cells. Theoretically, approximately 67% of solar energy is dissipated in various forms - 47% as heat, 18% as photons, and 2% in local combination loss. Commercially available mono-crystalline silicon (c-Si) and poly-crystalline silicon (poly-c-Si) PV cells typically demonstrate a range of PCEs between 15% to 22% and 13% to 18%, respectively, presenting an efficiency considerably lower than the potential maximum of 100%. The study highlights organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) as promising third-generation PV modules due to their relatively high power conversion efficiency (HPCE) and eco-friendly attributes. However, their commercial feasibility is under scrutiny owing to constraints such as a limited lifespan, high production costs, and challenges in mass production. Ongoing research and development (R&D) in PV cell technologies aim to enhance PCE and power density, establish cost-effective production methods, and create more reliable and sustainable supply chains. Additionally, the study explores the role of nanotechnology in developing high-power conversion efficiency cells, identifies research gaps and priorities in engineered organic material PV cells, and discusses the potential of OPVs in the R&D of high-efficiency, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly PV cells.
A. Beiranvand; M.A. Ehyaei; A. Ahmadi; Jose Luz Silvaria
Abstract
The high potential of solar energy in Iran, as well as the problem of air pollution, makes it increasingly inevitable that solar energy is used. In this study, the solar-powered Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has been investigated. The solar-type collector is a flat plate collector. The energy, exergy, ...
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The high potential of solar energy in Iran, as well as the problem of air pollution, makes it increasingly inevitable that solar energy is used. In this study, the solar-powered Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has been investigated. The solar-type collector is a flat plate collector. The energy, exergy, and economic analyses of the hybrid system with the MOPSO algorithm have been carried out for Tehran., the capital of Iran. The working fluid of the solar collector has assumed water and the working fluid of the ORC cycle is R123. The MATLAB software is used for simulation and to compute the R123 fluid properties, the Refprop software is used. The exergy investigation shows that the most exergy destruction is related to the evaporator. Two objective functions consist of exergy efficiency and the price of electricity are considered. The decision variables for this optimization are considered as; the number of solar collector panels, the pump, and turbine isentropic efficiencies, and the pressure of condenser and evaporator. The Pareto diagram shows that the exergy efficiency of the system can vary as 7.5 % to 10.5 %, as well as the price of produced electricity can vary from 0.2 to 0.26 to $/kWh.
Solar Thermal Engineering
Zaid Aljohani; Abdulkarim Asiri; Salem Al-Awlaqi; Turki Aljohani; Hossam AbdelMeguid
Abstract
NEOM is a proposed megacity and business zone in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). It was announced in 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman with the goal of creating a hub for innovation and a hub for the future of living. NEOM is planned to cover an area of over 26,500 square miles and will include ...
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NEOM is a proposed megacity and business zone in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). It was announced in 2017 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman with the goal of creating a hub for innovation and a hub for the future of living. NEOM is planned to cover an area of over 26,500 square miles and will include a focus on sustainability and cutting-edge technology. The project is being backed by the Saudi Arabian government and private investment. The primary objective of KSA is to utilize the renewable energy resources in the NEOM region sustainably. This study evaluates the availability of solar energy in the NEOM region on a quantitative and qualitative basis, and a database of weather conditions such as temperatures and wind speed is collected and processed. NEOM has favorable climate conditions with an average annual radiation incident energy of 12.54 GJ/m2, wind speed of 15.68 km/h, and temperatures ranging from 16 to 38°C. Based on the analyzed data, the study investigates the potential of solar energy as a sustainable source and alternative to conventional fossil fuels. The utilization of solar energy could be applied in various ways including seawater humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination with productivity of 26-33 l/day/m2, solar cooling with an average load of 15 MJ/day/m2, green hydrogen production with rate of 41-47 mole/day/m2, and electrical power generation with rate 4.2-6.8 MJ/day/m2.
M. Akhlaghi; F. Ghafoorian
Abstract
Unacceptable air pollution leads to a remarkable increase in the consumption of renewable energy. Wind energy is known as one of the conventional renewable sources, therefore installation of wind turbines has increased over the past three decades. Savonius wind turbine is one of the types of vertical ...
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Unacceptable air pollution leads to a remarkable increase in the consumption of renewable energy. Wind energy is known as one of the conventional renewable sources, therefore installation of wind turbines has increased over the past three decades. Savonius wind turbine is one of the types of vertical axis wind turbines. This type has many advantages namely low noise, self-start capability and closer spacing. Some studies has been carried out to increase the efficiency of wind turbines by optimizing the geometry. In the present study, the arc angle of Savonius turbine blades and its effects as one of the geometric parameters affecting the efficiency of the turbine have been investigated within a CFD method. The amount of arc angle, also called camber angle, is very effective in the optimal efficiency of Savonius wind turbine. To investigate this issue, three different arc angles in the different tip speed ratios have been evaluated. The values of power and torque coefficients which play a vital role in the efficiency of the above turbine have been considered with respect to the changes in the amount of three different arc angle. The results of three-dimensional numerical solution show that the highest power and torque coefficients are obtained with values (0.0261) and (0.501) at a 180 degree arc angle, respectively. Adopting values other than the above value will cause a significant drop in efficiency.
R. Alayi; Syed R. Seydnouri; M. Jahangeri; A. Maarif
Abstract
Given the decline of non-renewable energy sources, trying to find new technologies and ways to supply energy and reduce fuel consumption is one of the top priorities of the world. One of the new technologies is fuel cell technology, which has received very little attention in Iran so far, and there is ...
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Given the decline of non-renewable energy sources, trying to find new technologies and ways to supply energy and reduce fuel consumption is one of the top priorities of the world. One of the new technologies is fuel cell technology, which has received very little attention in Iran so far, and there is a need to study this technology more and more carefully, especially in combination with renewable energy sources in order to help energy decision-makers. Therefore, in the present work, for the first time, a hybrid wind-solar-fuel cell system for residential use in Yazd, located in the hot and dry climate of Iran, has been simulated using HOMER software. The aim is to find an optimal economic system to supply 15 kWh of electricity per day and to assess the impact of uncertainties, sensitivity analysis was performed on the intensity of solar radiation and wind speed. The simulation results show that the most economical system consists of a fuel cell, is based on wind turbine and solar cell, and has a total NPC, LCOE and LCOH of $ 23,674, $ 0.824 per kilowatt-hour, and $ 254.4 per kilogram, respectively. Also, not using the battery will lead to a 33.6 percent increase in the cost per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated. For wind speeds of more than 8 meters per second, the results show that the optimal system with a fuel cell only includes wind turbines, and therefore increasing the intensity of solar radiation has no effect on the results.
A. R. Babaie Pirouziana; R. Zahedi; A. Ahmadi; N. Olya
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the integration of power generation, seawater desalination, and industrial gas production can significantly reduce costs and generate clean energy on a large scale. On the other hand, by the growth of population, transportation has been known as a major consumer of fuel ...
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Recent studies have shown that the integration of power generation, seawater desalination, and industrial gas production can significantly reduce costs and generate clean energy on a large scale. On the other hand, by the growth of population, transportation has been known as a major consumer of fuel and energy leading to higher energy demand, increased total costs and, more pollutant components. In this study, the effect of merging the transportation sector to the integration system on energy production and total costs by 2050 in 5-year time steps has been investigated based on an optimization method and a linear model simulation. The modeling was under three senarios :a) Integrated scenario, b) Current Policy Scenario and c) Combined integrated scenario. Renewable systems are considered to be the energy suppliers of power generation, seawater desalination, industrial gas and, transportation sectors. The results showed that the addition of the transportation sector had a significant effect on reducing the final cost from 41 €/MWh to 36 €/MWh which was attributed to the increased generated energy and the severe price drop of power generation technologies as a result of this merging. Also, the share of various renewable technologies in energy generation showed that in the Combined-Integrated scenario, the share of revenues especially solar PV was increased 2% from the Integrated scenario. The results revealed that the installation capacity had a 32% growth compared to the Integrated scenario and 90% compared to the CPS scenario.
Photovoltaic Systems
Mustafa Arslan; Mehmet Cunkas
Abstract
Diffuse radiation is used in photovoltaic systems and other energy applications. Since global radiation is measured by local meteorological stations, it is possible to reach these radiation data. However, diffuse radiation is not usually measured, so it is not possible to obtain regular data on diffuse ...
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Diffuse radiation is used in photovoltaic systems and other energy applications. Since global radiation is measured by local meteorological stations, it is possible to reach these radiation data. However, diffuse radiation is not usually measured, so it is not possible to obtain regular data on diffuse radiation. For this reason, efforts are underway to develop various empirical models to estimate diffuse radiation. This paper aims to develop new empirical models to estimate the diffuse radiation values for Konya, Türkiye. The empirical models are used to determine the relationship between the diffuse fraction and the clearness index. Data from NASA-Surface meteorology and Solar Energy and the measured global solar were used. The three most suitable developed models were selected, and it was suggested to estimate the diffuse radiation. The developed models consist of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th-order polynomial regression models. The proposed models were tested to evaluate their performances by using eight statistical methods. These are Mean Bias Error (MBE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Sum Squared Relative Error (SSRE), Relative Standard Error (RSE), Coefficient of determination (R2) and Correlation Coefficient (r). For the suggested models, the statistical parameters R2 value were calculated as 0.999705413, 1, and 1, and the RSE values were determined as 0.0084537, 0.000122, and 6.05E-06. The proposed models can contribute to researchers working on the applications of photovoltaic systems. The approaches could be used to estimate diffuse radiation elsewhere under similar climatic conditions.
Electricity Generation by Green Energy Sources
Rahmat Adiprasetya Al Hasibi; Bagustama Hamka
Abstract
The implementation of on-grid PV systems was conducted to ensure a continuous supply of electricity. This article discusses implementing an on-grid PV system in a fish farm that requires a continuous electricity supply. Continuous electricity is used to power the aeration system. The aeration system ...
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The implementation of on-grid PV systems was conducted to ensure a continuous supply of electricity. This article discusses implementing an on-grid PV system in a fish farm that requires a continuous electricity supply. Continuous electricity is used to power the aeration system. The aeration system is critical in determining whether or not fish farmers can harvest well. An electric motor drives the water wheel in the aeration system, circulating oxygen in the fishpond. Based on the design, operation, and economic parameters, a comparison is made between the proposed system, namely the PV system, and the current system, namely the grid with a diesel generator as a backup. The nominal discount rate, diesel fuel price, and grid reliability level have all been subjected to sensitivity analysis. The Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources software was used for the study. The results show that the on-grid PV system can continuously provide electricity to meet the demand for fish farming. The proposed system has a net present cost that is 20% lower than the net present cost of the current system. The cost of energy generated by the on-grid PV system is also 27% less than the cost of energy generated by the current system. Changes in fuel prices do not result in changes in net present cost for all levels of grid reliability to produce continuity in electricity supply. The nominal discount rate strongly influences the net present cost, the higher the nominal discount rate, the lower the resulting net present cost.
Pourkiaei S. Mohsen; F. Pourfayaz; R. Shirmohamadi; S. Moosavi; N. Khalilpoor
Abstract
During the last decade, serious issues such as energy demand, depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental impacts draw attention towards renewable energy sources. In addition, the energy supply chain of Iran is deeply reliant upon fossil fuels. Further obstacles such as electricity blackouts in ...
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During the last decade, serious issues such as energy demand, depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental impacts draw attention towards renewable energy sources. In addition, the energy supply chain of Iran is deeply reliant upon fossil fuels. Further obstacles such as electricity blackouts in the hot season and future energy security require us to address these issues. For this reason, the growing consensus is to dominate a sustainable energy system on the grounds of energy, especially renewable energies, with low emission and pollution. The mean annual solar radiation in Iran is 2200 kWh/m2 which is greater than the worldwide average, due to locating on the world's Sun Belt. The total installed capacity of solar energy in Iran is not significant, however, it is growing annually. .Moreover, the Persian Gulf coasts, could provide the possibility of using the tidal energy of the ocean as well as the Caspian Sea coast which are suitable sites for thermal energy. Currently, 550 MW of renewable energy is being built in Iran and the installed capacity of renewable energy has reached 575 MW. Renewable energy has also led to the employment of 47,321 people directly and indirectly in the country. The installed capacity of Iran’s wind power is about 259 MW (45% of total renewable energies installed capacity), which is mostly located in Manjil and Roodbar. The biogas energy in Iran is mainly produced from domestic and industrial sewage/waste, animal waste, and agricultural product waste.
F. Salek; M. Rahnama; H. Eshghi; M. Babaie; M. M. Naserian
Abstract
In this study, a solar driven alkaline electrolyzer producer of hydroxy gas is proposed which is integrated with photovoltaic panels with single-axis north-south solar tracking system. The main novelty of this work is providing transient analysis of integration of alkaline electrolyzer to the PV panels ...
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In this study, a solar driven alkaline electrolyzer producer of hydroxy gas is proposed which is integrated with photovoltaic panels with single-axis north-south solar tracking system. The main novelty of this work is providing transient analysis of integration of alkaline electrolyzer to the PV panels equipped with solar tracking system. Furthermore, the transient model of the alkaline electrolyzer is employed to calculate its operating temperature, hydroxy production rate and the other operational parameters at various hours of the day. The electrolyzer and PV panels with tracking system are modelled in EES software. It is assumed that the system is installed in Shahrood city, therefore, the geographical data this city is used for seasonal analysis. The effective area of electrolyzer electrodes and PV panels is also assumed to be fixed at 0.25m2 and 50m2, respectively, in this study. Based on the results, employment of solar tracking system resulted in significant increment of PV panels power absorption rate resulting in power increment up to 4.2kW in summer. On the other hand, the transient analysis of the proposed alkaline electrolyzer showed that the maximum operating temperature of which reaches 80oC at around 12 AM in the summer cause of achieving maximum electrical current peak in summer. Therefore, an efficient cooling system should be employed in summer for decrement of alkaline electrolyzer temperature. The proposed system is capable of producing 7.6m3/day, 10.4m3/day, 7.2m3/day and 4.1m3/day hydroxy gas in spring, summer, fall, and winter, consecutively.
Seyyed A. Sina; B. Balanian
Abstract
Multi-Megawatt wind turbines have long, slender and heavy blades that can undergo extremely wind loadings. Good understanding of the modal dynamics of these large machines is of great priority. In this paper, modal dynamics of NREL 5 MW wind turbine is investigated. To this aim, FAST software has been ...
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Multi-Megawatt wind turbines have long, slender and heavy blades that can undergo extremely wind loadings. Good understanding of the modal dynamics of these large machines is of great priority. In this paper, modal dynamics of NREL 5 MW wind turbine is investigated. To this aim, FAST software has been implemented. Vibration characteristics of blades, tower and whole wind turbine machine is extracted. To examine the effects of wind velocity, two operating conditions of machine have been considered. Namely: normal operating condition at rated wind velocity and rated rotor speed and the other, parked condition with fixed rotor at the wind velocity equal to rated wind velocity. Blades root bending moments (both in plane and out of plane) and tower bending moments (both longitudinal and lateral) are extracted. Frequency spectrum of the results is utilized as a tool to study the effects of each vibration mode on wind turbine dynamics in each of aforementioned operating conditions. It is shown that tower vibration during normal operation is highly influenced from blade edge-wise bending mode. On the other hand, during parked condition the effects of flap-wise bending modes become more dominant. The results are expected to offer better predictions of the vibrational behavior of large wind turbines.
Fuel Cells
Amarnath Gundalabhagavan; Veeresh Babu Alur; Kshitij Bhosale
Abstract
Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are essential for the efficient operation of hydrogen-powered automobiles. To improve their performance, researchers have proposed tapered flow channels as a possible solution. However, determining the optimal value for the tapering has not been explored in ...
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Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are essential for the efficient operation of hydrogen-powered automobiles. To improve their performance, researchers have proposed tapered flow channels as a possible solution. However, determining the optimal value for the tapering has not been explored in depth. In this study, a numerical investigation was conducted to optimize the tapering of tapered serpentine channels in PEMFCs. The results show that while anode channel tapering has a negligible effect on performance, cathode channel tapering has a significant impact. The study found that a flow channel geometry with an inlet of 0.8 mm and an outlet of 0.2 mm, with a gradual decrease in cross-section, resulted in the maximum net output, with a 10.64% increase in net power output at 0.7 V. Additionally, the improved water management performance was observed. Based on these findings, tapering flow channels only on the cathode side could be utilized as an optimal design for achieving higher performance. Overall, this study is significant as it provides valuable insights into optimizing the performance of PEMFCs, which can enhance their efficiency and utilization in hydrogen-powered vehicles. It highlights the importance of investigating the effects of flow channel geometry on performance and can guide future research in this area to improve the efficiency of PEMFCs.
Geothermal Energy Systems
Prabin Haloi; Ankit Kumar; Joyshree Dutta; Desire Fadzi Makunike
Abstract
The application of a geofluid is primarily characterized by its geofield conditions and locations. One such application of geofluid is in power generation using suitable energy conversion systems. In this study, a thermodynamic model of a double-flash geothermal power plant (DFGPP) has been developed ...
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The application of a geofluid is primarily characterized by its geofield conditions and locations. One such application of geofluid is in power generation using suitable energy conversion systems. In this study, a thermodynamic model of a double-flash geothermal power plant (DFGPP) has been developed to evaluate its performance which is mainly based on the geofluid of the Puga valley of Ladakh region in the Indian peninsula. The present study investigates the possible use of the DFGPP in the region through application of the exergy tool of the second law of thermodynamics. Under the Puga geofluid conditions, the energy and exergy rates, thermal losses, exergy destruction, and thermal and exergetic efficiencies are evaluated. From the thermal analysis results of the DFGPP, the condenser has the maximum energy loss with 97.08% of the overall loss, followed by low pressure turbine (LPT) and the high pressure turbine (HPT) with minimal energy rate losses of 2.28 % and 0.63 % respectively. However, negligible losses in energy are found to occur in the mixing devices, pump and the fluid separators. The maximum rate of exergy destruction occurs in the LPT with 38.95 % and least in the low pressure separator (LPS). The DFGPP operated with energy and exergy efficiencies of 9.52% and 48.39% approximately, producing a net output work of 3.9 MW. The overall cycle exergy destruction is found at 5.4% of the total energy losses. The use of DFGPP systems in the Puga geofield can be a suitable option in power generation.
Electricity Generation by Green Energy Sources
P. Rajendra Jagadale; A. Bhimji Choudhari; S. Sanjay Jadhav
Abstract
During past decades, increasing energy demand across the world fueled energy production significantly, which lead to environmental impacts such as Global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, it also endangered the Species. Hence, the whole world started shifting towards green energy generation, eliminating ...
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During past decades, increasing energy demand across the world fueled energy production significantly, which lead to environmental impacts such as Global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, it also endangered the Species. Hence, the whole world started shifting towards green energy generation, eliminating all the negative Impacts on the environment. Solar power is the most efficient source of energy among other renewable energy sources. This article analyzes the simulated performance of a 250 kWp grid-connected Si-poly photovoltaic Plant. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance and feasibility of a Solar PV plant for Pune, India Location. Each Module has a rating of 310 Wp are connected in 65 strings with 12 panels per string. 42 String Inverters are utilized. The simulation is carried out in PVsyst 7.2 software and Meteonorm8.0 data is used. The simulation is carried out to get maximum energy production, this experiment was performed in 2 phases, one with a fixed angle throughout the year and another by adjusting the tilt angle for every month. Multiple trials were conducted to get the best angle for maximum production of electricity. And compared their parameters such as incident radiation, Performance ratio, Energy into the grid, energy output at array and losses. The optimum angles were chosen based on input Energy at the grid.
Photovoltaic Systems
M. Mirzaei Omrani; M. Mirzaei Omrani
Abstract
Solar energy as renewable and clean energy has a remarkable share in improving the water-energy-food nexus. However, due to occupying a vast area of land, the development of large-scale photovoltaic systems is a serious challenge, particularly in regions with land restrictions. As a solution, it is argued ...
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Solar energy as renewable and clean energy has a remarkable share in improving the water-energy-food nexus. However, due to occupying a vast area of land, the development of large-scale photovoltaic systems is a serious challenge, particularly in regions with land restrictions. As a solution, it is argued that the installation of the floating photovoltaic systems on the water reservoirs can save land as well as reduce the evaporation rate. The aim of this study is to economically and environmentally evaluate the feasibility of the installation of a 10-megawatt floating photovoltaic power plant on a water reservoir. Results show that the payback period of investment and internal rate of return are achieved at 5.2 years and 20.4%, respectively. It is also found that if only 0.3% of the water reservoir surface is covered, evaporation volume will be decreased from 441.2 up to 515.2 thousand cubic meters. Moreover, environmental assessment demonstrates that 8470 to 15311 tons of CO2 and 27 to 52.3 tons of NOx are not released into the atmosphere. Ultimately, sensitivity analysis proves that if the capital cost is reduced by 30%, the payback period will be shortened to 3.6 years. Furthermore, such a project in Chah-nimeh will be profitable as long as the electricity purchasing tariffs are more than US$ 0.096/kWh.
Biomass Energy Sources
Madhurjya Saikia; Pranjal Sarmah; Rupam Deka; Dipankar Das
Abstract
India has experienced rapid industrialization, propelling it to be the world's 3rd largest energy consumer. Among the sectors driving this energy consumption, the transportation industry plays a significant role. In the fiscal year 2022-23, India witnessed a surge in petroleum consumption, reaching a ...
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India has experienced rapid industrialization, propelling it to be the world's 3rd largest energy consumer. Among the sectors driving this energy consumption, the transportation industry plays a significant role. In the fiscal year 2022-23, India witnessed a surge in petroleum consumption, reaching a record high of 222.3 million tonnes. However, the country's crude oil production remained at 29.2 million tonnes during the same period, leading to a substantial reliance on imports. In fact, India imported crude oil of 232.4 million tonnes in 2022-23, amounting to a cost of approximately USD 158.3 billion. To curtail its dependence on imports, the Indian government has promoted ethanol as a renewable fuel alternative for several years. Although policies supporting the Ethanol Blended Program have been in place since 2003, they struggled to meet their targets until the introduction of the National Biofuel Policy in 2018. The policy incorporated several modifications and aimed to address the shortcomings of previous efforts. Presently, ethanol blending with petrol is being offered at a maximum concentration of 10% across the country, with the ultimate goal of completely replacing petrol with ethanol. This study analyzes India's ethanol blending program, evaluating policy impacts on distribution and production. It identifies challenges in feedstock availability, the role of oil marketing companies (OMCs), and vehicular technology hindrances. Proposed solutions include utilizing alternative feedstocks, supported by PLI schemes. OMCs should address logistical issues and reduce transportation costs by promoting local ethanol production. Optimizing petrol engines and expediting the introduction of flex engines are recommended.
Energy Policy
Nazlı Ersoy
Abstract
The article presents an MCDM model based on the Improved Entropy and PIV methods to analyze the development of renewable energy in Nordic-Baltic countries. The analysis was conducted on eight alternatives and ten criteria, and sensitivity analysis was applied to assess the model's suitability. The impact ...
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The article presents an MCDM model based on the Improved Entropy and PIV methods to analyze the development of renewable energy in Nordic-Baltic countries. The analysis was conducted on eight alternatives and ten criteria, and sensitivity analysis was applied to assess the model's suitability. The impact of 34 different variations in criterion weights on the results was examined. The findings demonstrate that Norway emerges as the most appropriate alternative, and the smallest weight change required to alter the current ranking is 18.93%.
T. Oyegoke; M.Y. Sardauna; H.A. Abubakar; E. Obadiah
Abstract
Bio-ethanol is a clean and renewable fuel that is significantly gaining attention, mainly via its major environmental benefits produced from diverse resources. The campaign for the establishment of biorefineries and encouragement of fossil fuels is gradually gaining greater attention. This research seeks ...
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Bio-ethanol is a clean and renewable fuel that is significantly gaining attention, mainly via its major environmental benefits produced from diverse resources. The campaign for the establishment of biorefineries and encouragement of fossil fuels is gradually gaining greater attention. This research seeks to comparatively investigates material requirement, production yield, and total equipment cost involved in the rice-husk and maize-cob transformation into bioethanol fuel for large-scale production using process modeling and simulation study approach to promote potential investors' interest. This analysis was carried out using a simulator (Aspen HYSYS) and a computational package (MATLAB). The evaluation entails modeling, simulating, material, and energy analysis, including process equipment sizing and cost for the plants. Comparative material analysis of the yield from the model process for the use of biomasses reveals that 9.94kg and 7.32kg of fuel-grade bioethanol would be obtained using 0.03kg and 0.02kg of enzymes for every 1kg of rice husk and maize cob charge in the plant, respectively, per hour. Analysis of the plants' energy flow shows that the maize cob transformation into bioethanol fuel required more energy than the rice husk-based plant confirming maize cob conversion to be more energy-intensive than rice husk. Moreover, the equipment cost analysis indicated that it would cost $ 4739.87 and $ 1757.36 to process a kilogram of biomass (rice husk and maize cob) into fuel-grade bioethanol, respectively, per hour. Ultimately, this study's findings identify rice husk's use to be of high yield while maize cob would be making the production less capital intensive.
Wind Energy
Sh.Sh. Dol; A. Khamis; M. T. Abdallftah; M. Fares; S. Sh. Pervaiz
Abstract
The current research illustrates the optimization of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) blades with implementation of added winglets displaying improved self-starting capabilities. The application of improved design is to be utilized in a university campus located in United Arab Emirates (UAE) in order ...
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The current research illustrates the optimization of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) blades with implementation of added winglets displaying improved self-starting capabilities. The application of improved design is to be utilized in a university campus located in United Arab Emirates (UAE) in order to reduce its margin of consumed electrical energy by 15%. The study is conducted over a mean wind speed value of 5 m/s achieved in a one-year period at a specific altitude of 50 m in the UAE. Two aerodynamic simulation software were adopted, namely ANSYS FLUENT CFD and QBlade, with designs being modelled using AutoCAD. The analytical analysis included some aerodynamic characteristic such as power, lift, and drag coefficients. Through 2D-computational fluid dynamics (CFD), simulation study tested 20 different symmetrical as well as asymmetrical airfoils including the cambered S-0146 with 26.83% higher power output and lower noise amongst the test subjects. Turbine torque for added winglet design results in 4.1% higher compared to the benchmark. The modified design aims to produce at least 2% more power and have an improvement in self-starting of at least 20%. VAWTs tend to have higher potential and sensitivity towards wind direction (no yawing mechanism required) illustrating them as more cost-effective. Future scope includes utilizing wind lens technology to increase the free-stream velocity.
Desalinations Systems with Renewable Energies
Pankaj PRASAD Dwivedi; Dilip KUMAR Sharma
Abstract
Energy, a necessary component of the invention, has negative externalities on the health of humans and the environment due to its production and use, which hinders national growth. For this reason, countries should act with two main motivations when choosing energy sources. The first should be economic ...
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Energy, a necessary component of the invention, has negative externalities on the health of humans and the environment due to its production and use, which hinders national growth. For this reason, countries should act with two main motivations when choosing energy sources. The first should be economic development by considering the increase in production and efficiency supplied by the source of energy, and the second should be to choose energy resources that will promote the welfare of the people. In this study, conventional and renewable energy sources for the long-term growth of India's energy sector are assessed from a variety of viewpoints, including technical, economic, environmental, and social criteria. In the choice model, the thermal, solar, wind, biomass, and hydro energy options are employed as alternatives. In this study, suitable energy sources are selected for India with the help of the Entropy method and the WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) method. And, the relevance of environmental, technical, social, and economic aspects of renewable sources of energy is assessed and in the second step, a proposal has been made about which renewable energy source can be suitable to meet the energy requirement in India through the WASPAS technique. From the results obtained from the WASPAS method, it was found that the renewable energy resources suitable for investment in India are hydro, geothermal, wind, biomass and solar energy respectively.
Biomass Energy Sources
M. Akbari Vakilabadi; A.R. Binesh; M. Monfared
Abstract
A mathematical model has been investigated to predict the effect of hydrodynamic forces, especially thermophoretic forces on micro organic particles in counter-flow combustion in this research. Hydrodynamic forces change the velocity and concentration of evaporative organic particles moving toward the ...
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A mathematical model has been investigated to predict the effect of hydrodynamic forces, especially thermophoretic forces on micro organic particles in counter-flow combustion in this research. Hydrodynamic forces change the velocity and concentration of evaporative organic particles moving toward the flame and they make a particle-free distance above the flame surface. Particle evaporation creates a thrust force that affects the velocity of the particles, which can be ignored compared to other hydrodynamic forces. Also, the temperature difference between the particles, the interaction of the particles on each other is neglected.The distance between the inlet nozzle and the flame surface is divided into four zones to investigate the dynamic behavior of particles in the flame front that in each case, the dynamic particles equations are written and the effect of thermophoretic force, weight force, drag force and buoyant force are analyzed on the particles and as a result, the velocity and concentration profiles of the particles are obtained in terms of distance from the flame front at different strain rates and with different particle diameters. The particles concentration of above the flame front increases with the balance of these forces, which the increasing the particles accumulation above the flame decreases the combustibility of particles in the flame front. Then, the length of the particle-free zone is extracted under the influence of different strain rates at different temperatures. As the flame surface approaches, the temperature gradient rises and the thermophoretic force increases. Accordingly, heavier particles accumulate closer to the flame surface.
Wind Energy
Sh. Mohammadi; A. Maleki; R. Ehsani; O. Shakouri
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the possibility of using wind energy in some regions of Zanjan province. The current research concentrates on computing the wind energy potential and wind power density. Furthermore, some features related to wind for two locations in Zanjan province have been obtained. ...
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The present study aims to investigate the possibility of using wind energy in some regions of Zanjan province. The current research concentrates on computing the wind energy potential and wind power density. Furthermore, some features related to wind for two locations in Zanjan province have been obtained. Feasibility study of wind energy utilization and computing of wind power density and wind power potential has been widely (Extensively-comprehensively) conducted for Zanjan province. First, two locations in Zanjan province have been considered to analyze the data at a reasonable level of province and to avoid over-focusing on one area. Thereafter, the statistics about wind speed were achieved from the Renewable Energy Organization of Iran in ten-minute intervals and included wind speeds at the heights of 30,10, and 40 m and wind directions at heights of 30 and 37.5 m. Finally, various wind features have been investigated for given locations in Zanjan province. The results demonstrate that the annual wind speed for Soltanieh and Tarom in the height of 40 m were 4.81 m/s and 3.93 m / s, respectively. The highest value U_me and U_mp is calculated, It was observed at a height of 40 m at Soltanie, It is 11.35 m / s and 1.27 m / s, respectively. Also, the performance of several wind turbines in the mentioned areas has been investigated. Finally, a suitable wind turbine has been identified.
Photovoltaic Systems
Niti Agrawal
Abstract
Partial shading condition (PSC) has a detrimental effect on the output performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The output performance of a partially shaded PV array depends not only on the pattern, intensity and location of the shadow but also on its configuration. In this paper, the output performance ...
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Partial shading condition (PSC) has a detrimental effect on the output performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The output performance of a partially shaded PV array depends not only on the pattern, intensity and location of the shadow but also on its configuration. In this paper, the output performance of two configurations namely- series-parallel (SP), a commonly used configuration, and total-cross-tied (TCT), have been compared under diverse PSCs. A Lambert W-function-based technique has been developed to model, simulate and estimate the performance of both the configurations of the PV array. The developed program can evaluate the current, voltage and power for the arrays of different sizes under uniform and different PSCs. A detailed investigation has been carried out for the output performance of both configurations under nine diverse shading patterns and different sizes of arrays. Comparative analysis for the configurations is presented based on parameters such as maximum power obtained, partial shading power loss percentage, efficiency and fill factor. It has been found from the obtained results that the output performance of a PV array under PSC is enhanced by using TCT configuration compared to SP configuration.